24 result(s) for 'Colon'
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Antigen Background
Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), also known as p504s, is a mitochondrial and peroxisomal enzyme that is involved in bile acid biosynthesis and beta-oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids. AMACR is essential in lipid metabolism, and is expressed in normal liver (hepatocytes), kidney (tubular epithelial cells) and gall bladder (epithelial cells). Expression has also been found in lung (bronchial epithelial cells) and colon...
Antigen Background
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a heterogeneous cell surface glycoprotein produced by cells of fetal colon. Low levels are also found on normal mucosal epithelia of the adult colon and a variety of other normal tissues. CEA is encoded by the CEA gene, which is located on chromosome 19. It is a member of the CEA gene family, which in turn is a subfamily of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Cell adhesion properties are now well r...
Antigen Background
Geminin is a protein of 209 amino acids thought to be involved in the control of DNA replication via the interaction with Cdt1. Geminin is not found in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, but is first expressed in the G1 to S transition phase, with expression levels rising through the rest of the cell cycle and levels reaching a maximum during mitosis. It has been proposed that geminin may be a tumor suppressor protein. Geminin is ...
Antigen Background
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is an enzyme that assists rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, protons, and bicarbonate ions. Originally named MN/G250, carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a cell surface transmembrane protein, which is predominantly found in the gastrointestinal tract and gallbladder. The glandular regions of normal colon are reported to be negative, but in the case of adenocarcinoma, the gl...
Antigen BackgroundMuc-4 (Mucin 4) is an O-glycoprotein that consists of a large extracellular glycosylated subunit, transmembrane domain and intracellular domain. MUC4 is known to play a protective role for cell membrane and has anti-adhesive properties. It is understood to play a role in cancer progression, facilitating tumour progression via apoptosis inhibition. MUC4 is aberrantly expressed in several cancers including those of the bile duct, ...
Antigen Background
Galectin-3 is a member of the beta-galactosidase-binding lectin family. It is involved in several biological events including binding to the basement membrane glycoprotein laminin. Cell surface galectin-3 may be involved in homotypical cell adhesion and is downregulated in colon cancer as the disease progresses. This downregulation has also been examined in breast carcinoma with a similar correlation of expression reported. Dow...
Deletions affecting the long arm of chromosome 6 (6q) involving band 6q21 are among the most commonly observed chromosomal aberrations in lymphoid malignancies and have been identified as adverse prognostic factor in subsets of tumors. Amplification of MYC (8q24) has been described in many types of solid tumors, such as breast, cervical and colon cancers, as well as in myeloma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, gastric adenocarcinomas and ovarian cancer. T...
The ERBB2 (or HER2) gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in growth factor signaling. Overexpression of this gene is seen in about 20% of invasive breast cancers. ERBB2 gene amplification is a permanent genetic change that results in this continuous overexpression of ERBB2. Trastuzumab (commonly known as Herceptin) has been developed to be effective against ERBB2-positive breast cancer. ERBB2 amplification is also observed in a variety...
Antigen Background
Topoisomerases are nuclear enzymes involved in a variety of cellular activities such as chromosomal condensation, DNA replication, transcription, recombination and segregation at mitosis. Human Topoisomerase I is a 100 kD protein capable of relaxing positively and negatively supercoiled DNA by performing a transient single-stranded nick which is then re-ligated at the end of the reaction. It has been shown that the enzyme is lo...
Slide 1
Welcome
Slide 2
Slide 3
Discuss Pre-Analytics and the impact of improper fixation and artifacts on tissue processing
Discuss Fixation and the impact of incomplete fixation on tissue processing
Describe the impact of improper Prosection
Determine satisfactory Processing of samples
Explain why routine Maintenance is a critical success factor to proper tissue processing
Slide 4
This slide has two examples of what the ideal sections in a perfect world look like under the scope. The skin section on the left is clean looking with the Eosin staining the components of the dermis with different shades. The colon section on the right is crisp with well-defined nuclei and cilia. There is no background staining or muddiness to the stain.
Slide 5
One artifact seen the lab that is n...