Antigen Background Geminin is a protein of 209 amino acids thought to be involved in the control of DNA replication via the interaction with Cdt1. Geminin is not found in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, but is first expressed in the G1 to S transition phase, with expression levels rising through the rest of the cell cycle and levels reaching a maximum during mitosis. It has been proposed that geminin may be a tumor suppressor protein. Geminin is ...

Antigen BackgroundMuc-4 (Mucin 4) is an O-glycoprotein that consists of a large extracellular glycosylated subunit, transmembrane domain and intracellular domain. MUC4 is known to play a protective role for cell membrane and has anti-adhesive properties. It is understood to play a role in cancer progression, facilitating tumour progression via apoptosis inhibition. MUC4 is aberrantly expressed in several cancers including those of the bile duct, ...

Antigen Background Galectin-3 is a member of the beta-galactosidase-binding lectin family. It is involved in several biological events including binding to the basement membrane glycoprotein laminin. Cell surface galectin-3 may be involved in homotypical cell adhesion and is downregulated in colon cancer as the disease progresses. This downregulation has also been examined in breast carcinoma with a similar correlation of expression reported. Dow...

Deletions affecting the long arm of chromosome 6 (6q) involving band 6q21 are among the most commonly observed chromosomal aberrations in lymphoid malignancies and have been identified as adverse prognostic factor in subsets of tumors. Amplification of MYC (8q24) has been described in many types of solid tumors, such as breast, cervical and colon cancers, as well as in myeloma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, gastric adenocarcinomas and ovarian cancer. T...

Aurora kinase A (AURKA) gene amplification has been detected in approximately 12% of primary breast tumors, as well as in bladder, ovarian, colon, prostate, neuroblastoma and cervical cancer cell lines. The AURKA (20q13)/20q11 probe is designed to detect copy numbers of the AURKA gene region at region 20q13. The AURKA (20q13) FISH probe is optimized to detect copy numbers of the AURKA gene region at region 20q13. The 20q11 specific DNA probe is i...

Deletions affecting the long arm of chromosome 6 (6q) involving band 6q21 are among the most commonly observed chromosomal aberrations in lymphoid malignancies and have been identified as adverse prognostic factor in subsets of tumors. Amplification of MYC (8q24) has been described in many types of solid tumors, such as breast, cervical and colon cancers, as well as in myeloma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, gastric adenocarcinomas and ovarian cancer. T...

The ERBB2 (or HER2) gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in growth factor signaling. Overexpression of this gene is seen in about 20% of invasive breast cancers. ERBB2 gene amplification is a permanent genetic change that results in this continuous overexpression of ERBB2. ERBB2 amplification is also observed in a variety of other tumors, such as gastric, prostate, lung, colon and ovary carcinoma. The ERBB2 (17q12) FISH probe is optim...

The ERBB2 (or HER2) gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in growth factor signaling. Overexpression of this gene is seen in about 20% of invasive breast cancers. ERBB2 gene amplification is a permanent genetic change that results in this continuous overexpression of ERBB2. Trastuzumab (commonly known as Herceptin) has been developed to be effective against ERBB2-positive breast cancer. ERBB2 amplification is also observed in a variety...

Slide 1 Welcome Slide 2 Slide 3 Discuss Pre-Analytics and the impact of improper fixation and artifacts on tissue processing Discuss Fixation and the impact of incomplete fixation on tissue processing Describe the impact of improper Prosection Determine satisfactory Processing of samples Explain why routine Maintenance is a critical success factor to proper tissue processing Slide 4 This slide has two examples of what the ideal sections in a perfect world look like under the scope. The skin section on the left is clean looking with the Eosin staining the components of the dermis with different shades. The colon section on the right is crisp with well-defined nuclei and cilia. There is no background staining or muddiness to the stain. Slide 5 One artifact seen the lab that is n...

One of the most fundamentally critical elements of diagnostic histopathology is first the ability to suspend all cellular activity in tissue and prevent degradation, and secondly to process that specimen in a manner that facilitates subsequent steps such as...